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ISSN : 1226-9999(Print)
ISSN : 2287-7851(Online)
Korean J. Environ. Biol. Vol.35 No.3 pp.251-264
DOI : https://doi.org/10.11626/KJEB.2017.35.3.251

New Records of Dinoflagellates in Five Genera of Peridiniales (Dinophyceae) from Korean Waters

Joon-Baek Lee*, Su-Min Kang
Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, College of Ocean Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
Corresponding author : Joon-Baek Lee, 064-754-3435, 064-725-2461, jblee@jejunu.ac.kr
August 24, 2017 September 13, 2017 September 13, 2017

Abstract

A study searching for unrecorded and taxonomically undescribed indigenous species has been conducted since 2006. Samples were collected from many sites in coastal waters and offshore in Korea as well as around Jeju Island. Since 2008 we have found 13 unrecorded species belonging to family Diplopsaliaceae, Heterocapsaceae, Kolkwitziellaceae, Protoperidiniaceae and Thoracosphaeraceae. The species are as follows, Preperidinium meunieri (2014), Heterocapsa ovata (2015), H. pseudotriquetra (2015), Diplopsalis lenticula (2008), Protoperidinium abei (2009), P. diabolus var. longipes (2010), P. depressum (synonym: P. parallelum (2008)), P. latispinum (2016), P. punctulatum (2010), P. solidicorne (synonym: P. spinosum (2010)), P. subpyriforme (2010), P. pacificum (2013), Scrippsiella hexapraecingula (2009) (note; The numbers in parenthesis refer to the year that the species was reported as unrecorded indigenous species by National Institute of Biological Resources, NIBR hereafter). Among these, 5 species were described as newly recorded species in Korean waters, and 8 were re-described in this study.

Diplopsalis , Heterocapsa , Preperidinium , Peridiniales , Protoperidinium , Scrippsiella

초록

    Ministry of Environment
    NIBR201701204

    INTRODUCTION

    Dinoflagellates are one of major group in phytoplankton community. Although many studies have been conducted in terms of ecological approach, many dinoflagellate taxa are still unrecorded in Korean waters. A study searching for these unrecorded indigenous species, that has not been described taxonomically in Korea, has been conducted as part of projects by NIBR from 2006. Since Protoperidinium genus was created by Bergh (1881) for the new species P. pellucidum, many species of genus Peridinium described first by Ehrenberg (1830) have been moved to genus Protoperidinium according to the number of girdle plate by Balech (1974). He included all the Peridinea with three girdle plates to Bergh’s genus Protoperidinium and left the remaining with 5 or 6 girdle plates in the genus Peridinium. In general, genus Protoperidinium as marine species differed from genus Peridinium as freshwater species. General characteristics of this genus are; armored, small to large cell of varied shape, girdle usually with or without left- or right-handed displacement, surface ornamentation varied, most species heterotrophic without chloroplast, some species producing cysts. According to the Kofoid’s plate formula, the thecal plate of this genus is 4′, 3a, 7″, 3c, 5‴, 2′′′′. Although there is no evidence that Protoperidinium is a causative taxon of Korean HABs, this genus occurs massively in Korean waters in terms of the number of species and abundance and cysts found most abundantly in the seed population of dinoflagellates from the surface sediments (Lee and Matsuoka 1996; Lee et al. 1998).

    To date, a total of 120 species in Peridiniales were reported from Korean waters (Table 1), only if taxonomical research papers were considered (Shim et al. 1981; Han and Yoo 1983; Shim 1994; Kim et al. 2013; Shah et al. 2013; Lee and Kim 2015; Shin 2016). Shim (1994) described 35 species in a monograph, and recently Shin (2016) listed and described 75 species in the other monograph. We identified approximately 20 species around Jeju Island and in the Korean Straits since 2006, and some Protoperidinium species were described by Kim et al. (2013). This study clarifies 13 additional species belonging to 5 genera in order Peridiniales with respect to classification and easy taxonomical key based on Light Microscope (LM) criteria.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    Samples were collected at coastal stations around Jeju Island of the Republic of Korea and the East China Sea, as the station’s information is mentioned in Lee et al. (2014) June 2006-December 2016. Plankton samples were obtained by using a 20 μm mesh size plankton net and fixed with formaldehyde (final concentration of about 1%) or glutaraldehyde (final concentration of about 1%). Planktonic dinoflagellates were identified by using LM (Axioplan, Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). To make slide specimens for one species, dinoflagellate samples were washed with distilled water and the method described in Kim et al. (2013) was followed.

    For species identification, several monographs reported relative to different oceans such as Japan’s adjacent sea (Yamaji 1984), the British Ocean and Atlantic Ocean (Dodge 1982), the Kuroshio Current (Fujioka 1990), Korean waters (Shim 1994) and the Western Pacific (Omura et al. 2012) were used. Dinoflagellate classification for new combinations of the family Diplopsaliaceae, Heterocapsaceae, Kolkwitziellaceae, Protoperidiniaceae and Thoracosphaeraceae was cited from AlgaeBase (http://www.algaebase.org) (Guiry and Guiry 2017).

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

    A total of 13 species of 5 genera (Preperidinium, Heterocapsa, Diplopsalis, Protoperidinium, Scrippsiella) belonging to the family Diplopsaliaceae, Heterocapsaceae, Kolkwitziellaceae, Protoperidiniaceae and Thoracosphaeraceae from Korean waters were identified and classified as below. Among them, 5 species were described as newly recorded species in Korean waters and 8 were re-described, respectively, in this study. The newly recorded and the re-described species are marked with asterisks (*) and sharps (#), respectively. ‘C’ indicates a currently accepted name, ‘S’ a synonym, ‘P’ a preliminary AlgaeBase entry, ‘U’ an uncertain taxonomic status based on the species database of AlgaeBase (Guiry and Guiry 2017), respectively.

    Systematics of dinoflagellates in the order Peridiniales occurred in Korean waters

    Class Dinophyceae West et Fritsch

    Order Peridiniales Haeckel

    Family Diplopsaliaceae Matsuoka

    Genus Preperidinium Mangin

    #Preperidinium meunieri (Pavillard) Elbrächter C

    Family Heterocapsaceae Fensome, Taylor, Noris, Sarjeant, Wharton et Williams

    Genus Heterocapsa Stein

    *Heterocapsa ovata Iwataki et Fukuyo C

    Heterocapsa psammophila Tamura, Iwataki et Horiguchi C

    *Heterocapsa pseudotriquetra Iwataki, Hansen et Fukuyo C

    Heterocapsa rotundata (Lohmann) Hansen C

    Heterocapsa triquetra (Ehrenberg) Stein C

    Family Kolkwitziellaceae Lidemann

    Genus Diplopsalis Bergh

    #Diplopsalis lenticula Bergh C

    Diplopsalis pilula Ostenfeld C

    Genus Qia Liu, Mertens et Gu

    Qia lebouriae Liu, Mertens et Gu C

    =Diplopsalis lebouriae (Nie) Balech S

    Family Amphidiniopsidaceae Dodge

    Genus Archaeperidinium Jørgensen

    Archaeperidinium minutum (Kofoid) Jørgensen C

    =Protoperidinium minutum (Kofoid) Loeblich III S

    Family Protoperidiniaceae Balech

    Genus Peridinium Ehrenberg

    Peridinium quadridentatum (Stein) Hansen C

    =Protoperidinium quinquecorne (Abé) Balech S

    Genus Protoperidinium Bergh

    #Protoperidinium abei Paulsen C

    Protoperidinium abei var. rotundatum (Abé) Taylor C

    =Protoperidinium rotundatum Abé S

    Protoperidinium acutum (karsten) Balech C

    Protoperidinium americanum (Gran et Braarud) Balech C

    Protoperidinium angustum (Dangeard) Balech C

    Protoperidinium avellana (Meunier) Balech C

    Protoperidinium biconicum (Dangeard) Balech C

    Protoperidinium bidentatum (Abé) Balech P

    Protoperidinium bipes (Paulsen) Balech C

    Protoperidinium bispinum (Schiller) Balech C

    Protoperidinium breve Paulsen C

    Protoperidinium brevipes (Paulsen) Balech C

    Protoperidinium brochii (Kofoid et Swezy) Balech C

    Protoperidinium bulla (Meunier) Balech C

    Protoperidinium cerasus (Paulsen) Balech C

    Protoperidinium claudicans (Paulsen) Balech C

    Protoperidinium complanatum Meunier C

    Protoperidinium compressum (Abé) Balech C

    Protoperidinium conicoides (Paulsen) Balech C

    Protoperidinium conicum (Gran) Balech C

    Protoperidinium corniculum (Kofoid et Michener)

    Taylor et Balech P

    Protoperidinium crassipes (Kofoid) Balech C

    Protoperidinium cruciferum (Balech) Balech C

    =Protoperidinium parvum Abé S

    Protoperidinium curvipes (Ostenfeld) Balech C

    Protoperidinium cuspidatum Balech C

    Protoperidinium decipiens (Jörgensen) Parke et Dodge C

    Protoperidinium denticulatum (Gran et Braarud) Balech C

    #Protoperidinium depressum (Bailey) Balech C

    =Protoperidinium parallelum Paulsen S

    Protoperidinium diabolus (Cleve) Balech C

    *Protoperidinium diabolus var. longipes (Karsten) U

    Protoperidinium divaricatum (Meunier) Parke et Dodge C

    Protoperidinium divergens (Ehrenberg) Balech C

    Protoperidinium dolichoporum Borgese C

    Protoperidinium elegans (Cleve) Balech C

    Protoperidinium elongatum (Meunier) Balech C

    Protoperidinium excentricum (Paulsen) Balech C

    Protoperidinium fastum Balech C

    Protoperidinium fatulipes (Kofoid) Balech C

    Protoperidinium globifera Abé C

    Protoperidinium globulus (Stein) Balech C

    Protoperidinium grande (Kofoid) Balech C

    Protoperidinium granii (Ostenfeld) Balech C

    Protoperidinium hemisphaericum (Abé) Balech P

    Protoperidinium hirobis (Abé) Balech P

    Protoperidinium hyalinum (Meunier) Balech P

    Protoperidinium inclinatum (Balech) Balech P

    Protoperidinium incognitum (Balech) Balech C

    Protoperidinium inflatum (Okamura) Balech P

    Protoperidinium islandicum (Paulsen) Balech C

    Protoperidinium joergensenii var. luculentum Balech C

    Protoperidinium latidorsale (Dangeard) Balech C

    #Protoperidinium latispinum (Mangin) Balech C

    Protoperidinium latissimum (Kofoid) Balech C

    Protoperidinium leonis (Pavillard) Balech C

    Protoperidinium lipopodium (Balech) Balech C

    Protoperidinium longipes Balech C

    Protoperidinium majus (Dangeard) Balech C

    Protoperidinium marielebouriae (Paulsen) Balech C

    Protoperidinium matzenaueri (Böhm) Balech C

    Protoperidinium metananum (Balech) Balech C

    Protoperidinium mite (Pavillard) Balech C

    Protoperidinium monospinum (Paulsen) Zonneveld et Dale C

    Protoperidinium munobis (Abé) Balech C

    Protoperidinium nudum (Meunier) Balech C

    Protoperidinium nux (Schiller) Balech P

    Protoperidinium oblongum (Aurivillius) Parke et Dodge C

    Protoperidinium obtusum (Karsten) Parke et Dodge C

    Protoperidinium oceanicum (Vanhöffen) Balech C

    =Protoperidinium murrayi (Kofoid) Hernández- Becerril S

    Protoperidinium orbiculare Paulsen C

    Protoperidinium ovatum Pouchet C

    Protoperidinium oviforme (Dangeard) Balech C

    Protoperidinium ovum (Schiller) Balech C

    *Protoperidinium pacificum (Kofoid et Michener)

    Taylor et Balech ex Balech P

    Protoperidinium pallidum (Ostenfeld) Balech C

    Protoperidinium parcum (Balech) Balech C

    Protoperidinium paulsenii (Pavillard) Balech C

    Protoperidinium pedunculatum (Schütt) Balech C

    Protoperidinium pellucidum Bergh C

    Protoperidinium pentagonum (Gran) Balech C

    Protoperidinium perplexum (Balech) Balech C

    Protoperidinium perradiatum Balech C

    Protoperidinium porosum Balech C

    #Protoperidinium punctulatum (Paulsen) Balech C

    Protoperidinium pyriforme (Paulsen) Balech C

    Protoperidinium pyrum (Balech) Balech C

    Protoperidinium quarnerense (Schröder) Balech C

    Protoperidinium rectum (Kofoid) Balech P

    Protoperidinium roseum (Paulsen) Balech C

    Protoperidinium saltans (Meunier) Balech C

    =Protoperidinium valgus Abé S

    Protoperidinium simulum (Paulsen) Balech C

    Protoperidinium sinuosum Lemmermann C

    #Protoperidinium solidicorne (Mangin) Balech C

    =Protoperidinium spinosum Schiller S

    Protoperidinium somma (Matzenauer) Balech C

    Protoperidinium sphaericum (Murray et Whitting) Balech P

    Protoperidinium sphaeroides (Dangeard) Balech P

    Protoperidinium steidingerae Balech C

    Protoperidinium steinii (Jörgensen) Balech C

    Protoperidinium subinerme (Paulsen) Loeblich III C

    #Protoperidinium subpyriforme (Dangeard) Balech C

    Protoperidinium thorianum (Paulsen) Balech C

    Protoperidinium thulesense (Balech) Balech C

    Protoperidinium tumidum (Okamura) Balech C

    Protoperidinium ventricum (Abé) Balech P

    Protoperidinium venustum (Matzenauer) Balech C

    Protoperidinium verrucosum (Meunier) Balech C

    Family Thoracosphaeraceae Schiller

    Genus Scrippsiella Balech ex Loeblich III

    Scrippsiella acuminata (Ehrenberg) Kretschman, Elbrächter, Zinssmeister, Soehner, Kirsch, Kusber et Gottschlig C

    =Scrippsiella trochoidea (Stein) Loeblich III S

    *Scrippsiella hexapraecingula Horiguchi et Chihara C

    Scrippsiella spinifera Honsell et Cabrini C

    Scrippsiella sweeneyae Balech ex Loeblich III C

    Taxonomic description of unrecorded dinoflagellates

    Genus Preperidinium Mangin 1913

    Lectotype species: Preperidinium paulseni (Mangin) Mangin.

    Description: Medium-sized (50-90 μm) dinoflagellate of subspherical to lenticular shape, characterized by a short apical horn and a large left sulcal list. Thecal plates are smooth, sometimes with broad intercalary bands. Sulcus is characterized by a large flagellar pore. Cingulum is circular, dividing the cell into 2 parts of equal size. Most specimens reddish colored, no chloroplasts. Nucleus ovoid spherical (Guiry and Guiry 2017).

    Numbers of names and species: There are 8 species (and infraspecific) names in the database at present, of which 4 have been flagged as currently accepted taxonomically (Guiry and Guiry 2017).

    Preperidinium meunieri (Pavillard) Elbrächter 1993 (Fig. 1a)

    Basionym:Peridinium meunieri Pavillard

    Synonym:Peridinium meunieri Pavillard, Diplosalis lenticula f. minor Paulsen, Peridinium lenticulum Mangin, Peridinium paulsenii Mangin, Peridinium lenticulatum Mangin, Diplopeltopsis minor Pavillard, Preperidinium paulseni (Mangin) Mangin, Diplopsalis minor (Paulsen) Lindemann, Glenodinium lenticula f. minor Schiller, Zygabikodinium lenticulatum Loeblich Jr. et Loeblich III.

    References:Tomas 1997, p. 530, pl. 48; Jardim and Cardoso 2013, p. 633, fig. 1E-G.

    Specimen examined: Serial No. LJB2014006.

    Description: Cell shape is like Diplosalis lenticula. Thecal plate is relatively hard, small or medium sized. It is a slightly spherical shape like a lens with prominent left sulcal list and APC. Cingulum is medium and circular with prominent rib-supported lists. The surface is scratch on the groove. Chloroplasts are absent.

    Size: 30-40 μm long, 45-60 μm wide in the apical view.

    Sampling: Sep. 2014. Ieo-do coast (32°7′12.35″N, 125°8′ 40.51″E).

    Habitat: Marine species. This species was found in the surface layer with a water temperature of 24.2-26.2°C and salinity of 33.5-34.4 psu.

    Distribution: Europe: Black Sea (Goméz and Boicenco 2004), Helgoland (Hoppenrath 2004), Mediterranean (Gómez 2003); North America: Florida (Gribble and Anderson 2006); South America: Brazil (Jardim and Cardoso 2013).

    Note: This species name may be regarded as a taxonomic synonym of Zygabikodinium lenticulatum Loeblich Jr. et Loeblich III (Guiry and Guiry 2017). This species was reported as a new record for Korea by Shim (1994) as Zygabikodinium lenticulatum Loeblich Jr. et Loeblich III (Table 1), and reported as a re-described species in coastal waters of Korea in this study

    Genus Heterocapsa Stein 1883

    Holotype species: Heterocapsa triquetra (Ehrenberg) Stein

    Description: Medium-sized (20-40 μm) biflagellated thecate dinoflagellates irregularly spindle shaped or ovoid with a medium and circular cingulum, sulcus restricted to the hypocone. The plate pattern is difficult to establish and has been disputed. Numerous chloroplasts and an ovoid nucleus. Marine plankton, worldwide distribution mainly in coastal waters (Guiry and Guiry 2017).

    Numbers of names and species: There are 24 species (and infraspecific) names in the database at present, of which 19 have been flagged as currently accepted taxonomically (Guiry and Guiry 2017).

    Heterocapsa ovata Iwataki et Fukuyo 2003 (Fig. 1b)

    Synonym: No synonym.

    References:Iwataki et al. 2003, p. 630, figs. 1-16, 29-33; Omura et al. 2012, p. 130.

    Specimen examined: Serial No. LJB2015015 / NIBR No. NIBRDN00000009.

    Description: Cells are ovoid. The epitheca is smaller or equal to lower than the hypotheca. The upper part of the hypotheca is the widest in the cell. Cingulum exists in the central part. Sulcus is narrow and spreads towards the antapex. Chloroplasts present.

    Size: 24-33 μm long, 18-28 μm wide in lateral view.

    Sampling: Mar. 2015. Sehwa-ri coast in Jeju Island (33°16′ 4.2″N, 125°49′1.8″E).

    Habitat: Marine species. This species was found in the surface layer with a water temperature 14.1°C and salinity of 34.8 psu.

    Distribution: Japan (Iwataki et al. 2003, 2004).

    Note: This species was reported as an unrecorded indigenous species by NIBR in 2015 and reported as a newly recorded species in coastal waters of Korea in this study.

    Heterocapsa pseudotriquetra Iwataki, Hansen et Fukuyo 2004 (Fig. 1c)

    Synonym: No synonym.

    References:Iwataki et al. 2004, p. 395, figs. 1-18; Omura et al. 2012, p. 130.

    Specimen examined: Serial No. LJB2015016 / NIBR No. NIBRDN00000010.

    Description: Cells are spherical or ovoid. The epitheca is larger than the hypotheca or of equal. The epitheca is hemispheric type. The cingulum is slightly below the middle or middle part. The sulcus is wide and spreads towards the antapex. Chloroplasts present.

    Size: 18-27 μm long, 14-22 μm wide in lateral view.

    Sampling: Mar. 2015. Sehwa-ri coast in Jeju Island (33°16′ 4.2″N, 125°49′1.8″E).

    Habitat: Marine species. This species was found in the surface layer with a water temperature 14.1°C and salinity of 34.8 psu.

    Distribution: North America: Massachusetts (Iwataki et al. 2004); Asia: Japan (Iwataki et al. 2004).

    Note: This species was reported as an unrecorded indigenous species by NIBR in 2015 and reported as a newly recorded species in coastal waters of Korea in this study.

    Genus DiplopsalisBergh 1881

    Holotype species: Diplopsalis lenticula Bergh.

    Description: Medium-sized (30-60 μm) thecate dinoflagellates of lenticular to spherical shape. Cingulum circular, dividing the theca into 2 more or less equal sized parts; sulcus characterized by a large flagellar pore and restricted to the hypocone, at the left side with a large wing. Epitheca with an apical pore. Thecal plates smooth, sometimes with large intercalary bands (Guiry and Guiry 2017).

    Numbers of names and species: There are 36 species (and infraspecific) names in the database at present, of which 11 have been flagged as currently accepted taxonomically (Guiry and Guiry 2017).

    Diplopsalis lenticulaBergh 1881 (Fig. 1d)

    Synonym: Dissodium leniculum (Bergh) Loeblich III, Peridiniopsis lenticula (Bergh) Starmach, Glenodinium lenticula Pouchet.

    References:Dodge 1982, p. 154, pl. III b, c, fig. 18I-K; Omura et al. 2012, p. 126.

    Specimen examined: Serial No. LJB2008008.

    Description: Cell is a lens shaped and generally spherical. The epitheca and the hypotheca are almost equal. The cingulum is in the middle part. Around the cell, there is the cingulum of strap shaped lists. The sulcus is wide and reaches the center of the hypotheca.

    Size: 23-48 μm long, 32-68 μm wide in the apical view.

    Sampling: Sep. 2008. Yellow Sea (35°30′5.97″N, 124°58′ 16.09″E).

    Habitat: Marine species.

    Distribution: Europe: Black Sea (Goméz and Boicenco 2004), Britain (Parke and Dixon 1976), Helgoland (Hoppenrath 2004), Mediterranean (Goméz 2003); North America: Florida (Gribble and Anderson 2006); Asia: China (Liu 2008).

    Note: This species was recorded as floristic lists by Yoo (1990) and Lee and Kim (2015), and described by Shin (2016) (Table 1). It was reported as an unrecorded indigenous species by NIBR in 2008 and reported as a re-described species in coastal waters of Korea in this study.

    Genus ProtoperidiniumBergh 1881

    Lectotype species: Protoperidinium pellucidum Bergh.

    Description: The cell is medium sized to large size. The cell body has various shapes. The cell is distinguished epitheca and hypotheca by a cingulum. The sulcus may slightly influence on the epitheca. Chromatophores and chloroplasts are absent (Dodge 1982).

    Numbers of names and species: There are 381 species (and infraspecific) names in the database at present, of which 259 have been flagged as currently accepted taxonomically (Guiry and Guiry 2017).

    Protoperidinium abei (Paulsen) Balech 1974 (Fig. 1e)

    Basionym:Peridinium abei Paulsen

    Synonym:Peridinium abei Paulsen, Peridinium biconicum Abé.

    References:Yuri 2008, p. 105, pl. 1, figs. 9-12; Omura et al. 2012, p. 113.

    Specimen examined: Serial No. LJB2009024 / NIBR No. NIBRFL0000125586.

    Description: The cells are medium sized. The epitheca and hypotheca are shown in the cone form, and horn is pointed. The thecal plates are seen with a lot of small holes, and cingulum is clearly observed with a slight thickness. The sulcus is slanted towards the left side of the hypotheca.

    Size: 57-77 μm long, 37-48 μm wide in the lateral view.

    Sampling: Aug. 2009. Seongsan-ri coast in Jeju Island (33° 25′08″N, 126°56′38″E).

    Habitat: Marine species.

    Distribution: Europe: Black Sea (Goméz and Boicenco 2004), Mediterranean (Goméz 2003); North America: Mexico (Merino-Virgilio et al. 2013); Asia: China (Liu 2008).

    Note: This species was described as a new record for Korea by Shin (2016) (Table 1), and reported as an unrecorded indigenous species by NIBR in 2009 and reported as a re-described species in coastal waters of Korea in this study.

    Protoperidinium depressum (Bailey) Balech 1974 (Fig. 1f)

    Basionym:Peridinium depressum Bailey

    Synonym:Peridinium depressum Bailey, Protoperidinium parallelum Paulsen.

    References:Yamaji 1984, p. 130, pl. 42, fig. 9.

    Specimen examined: Serial No. LJB2008011.

    Description: Overall form is like Protoperidinium claudicans but the epitheca is represented angle instead of the round shape. The two horns at the hypotheca is extend to the bottom, and the cingulum of the central cell tends to protrude.

    Size: 140-190 μm long, 90-145 μm wide in the ventral view.

    Sampling: Sep. 2008. Seongsan-ri coast in Jeju Island (33° 25′08″N, 126°56′38″E).

    Habitat: Marine species.

    Distribution: Europe: Black Sea (Goméz and Boicenco 2004), Britain (Parke and Dixon 1976), Mediterranean (Goméz 2003), Helgoland (Hoppenrath 2004); North America: Mexico (Okolodkov 2005), Asia: China (Liu 2008), Japan (Yamaji 1984), Korea (Shim et al. 1981).

    Note: This species name may be regarded as a taxonomic synonym of Protoperidinium parallelum Paulsen 1907 (Guiry and Guiry 2017). This species was reported as a new record for Korea by Shim et al. (1981). However, the Protoperidinium parallelum was reported as an unrecorded indigenous species by NIBR in 2008 and reported as a re-described species in coastal waters of Korea in this study.

    Protoperidinium diabolus var. longipes (Karsten) (Fig. 1g)

    Synonym: No synonym.

    References:Fujioka 1990, p. 66-67.

    Specimen examined: Serial No. LJB2010027 / NIBR No. NIBRFL0000125623.

    Description: Cells look slightly oval, and are generally slender. Similar to Protoperidinium diabolum. The apical horn is thinner and pointy, and tail spur is characterized by spine.

    Size: 50-75 μm long, 42-60 μm wide in the lateral view.

    Sampling: Sep. 2010. East China Sea (33°35′128″N, 125° 40′247″E).

    Habitat: Marine species. This species was found in the surface layer with a water temperature of 24.8°C and salinity of 30.4 psu.

    Distribution: Japan (Fujioka 1990).

    Note: This species was reported as an unrecorded indigenous species by NIBR in 2010 and reported as a newly recorded species in coastal waters of Korea in this study.

    Protoperidinium latispinum (Mangin) Balech 1974 (Fig. 1h)

    Basionym:Peridinium latispinum Mangin

    Synonym:Peridinium latispinum Mangin, Peridinium africanoides Dangeard, Protoperidinium africanoides (Dangeard) Balech.

    References:Okolodkov 2005, p. 290, figs. 11, 27; Omura 2012, p. 117.

    Specimen examined: Serial No. LJB2016005 (winter) / NIBR No. NIBRDN0000000618.

    Description: The whole form has a round shaped pattern, with a hexagonal 1′ plate. The cells have an apical horn. Cingulum is located slightly lower than the left side and slightly tilted. As the sulcus goes down, it becomes wider and has two spines in the hypotheca.

    Size: 80-115 μm long, 55-80 μm wide in the ventral view.

    Sampling: Jan. 2017. Seogwipo coast in Jeju Island (33°12′ 39.026″N, 126°35′1.750″E).

    Habitat: Marine species.

    Distribution: Europe: Mediterranean (Goméz 2003); North America: Mexico (Okolodkov 2005), Asia: China (Liu 2008).

    Note: This species was reported as an unrecorded indigenous species by NIBR in 2016 and described as a new record for Korea by Shin (2016) (Table 1). It is reported as a re-described species in the Korea waters in this study.

    Protoperidinium pacificum (Kofoid et Michener) Taylor et Balech ex Balech 1974 (Fig. 1i)

    Synonym: No synonym.

    References:Okolodkov 2008, p. 138, pl. 13, figs. 9-12; Jardim and Cardoso 2013, p. 635, fig. 2G.

    Specimen examined: Serial No. LJB2013012.

    Description: Cells are thin and slightly rounded, with a very short apex and a full cell shpae of Meta-quadra. The hypothecal pore is absent. Cingulum offset 1.4 times width. Plate 1′ is slightly asymmetrical, with the right distal side longest. Plate 2a is trapezoidal and slightly longer than plate 4″. The two horns are relatively close and the two postshaped lists are slightly more pronounced in the left lists.

    Size: 50-65 μm long, 55-60 μm wide.

    Sampling: Jul. 2010. Chagwi-do coast in Jeju Island (33°18′ 776″N, 126°08′246″E).

    Habitat: Tropical and temperate species.

    Distribution: South America: Brazil (Jardim and Cardoso 2013), North America: Mexico (Okolodkov 2008).

    Note: This species was reported as an unrecorded indigenous species by NIBR in 2013 and reported as a newly recorded species in coastal waters of Korea in this study.

    Protoperidinium punctulatum (Paulsen) Balech 1974 (Fig. 1j)

    Basionym:Peridinium punctulatum Paulsen

    Synonym:Peridinium punctulatum Paulsen, Peridinium subinerme var. punctulatum (Paulsen) Schiller.

    References:Dodge 1982, p. 183, fig. 20L, M.

    Specimen examined: Serial No. LJB2010028 / NIBR No. NIBRFL0000125624.

    Description: The cells are almost a diamond shape. The epitheca is in a triangular shape and sulcus is narrow. The cingulum is equatorial, and has lists supported by spines. The hypotheca has concave.

    Size: 40-72 μm long, 45-50 μm in the ventral view.

    Sampling: Jan. 2011. Seongsan-ri coast in Jeju Island (33° 25′08″N, 126°56′38″E).

    Habitat: Marine species. This species was found in the surface layer with a water temperature of 13.5°C and salinity of 34.2 psu.

    Distribution: Europe: Black Sea (Goméz and Boicenco 2004), Mediterranean (Goméz 2003), Helgoland (Hoppenrath 2004); North America: Mexico (Okolodkov 2005); Asia: China (Liu 2008).

    Note: This species recorded as floristic lists by Chang et al. (1995), Lee and Kim (2015) and described as a new record for Korea by Shin (2016) (Table 1). This species was reported as an unrecorded indigenous species by NIBR in 2010 and reported as a re-described species in the Korea waters in this study.

    Protoperidinium solidicorne (Mangin) Balech 1974 (Fig. 1k)

    Basionym:Peridinium solidicorne Mangin.

    Synonym:Peridinium solidicorne Mangin, Protoperidinium spinosum Schiller, Peridinium spiniferum Schiller, Protoperidinium spiniferum (Schiller) Balech.

    References:Fujioka 1990, p. 68-69.

    Specimen examined: Serial No. LJB2010029 / NIBR No. NIBRFL0000125625.

    Description: Cells are flattened out of the dorsal-ventral sides. The apical horn protrudes upwards and cells have two pointy antapical horns. Sides of the plate are recessed towards the end and antapical end, and convex around the cingulum.

    Size: 90-100 μm long, 65-70 μm wide.

    Sampling: Jan. 2011. Seongsan-ri coast in Jeju Island (33° 25′08″N, 126°56′38″E).

    Habitat: Marine species. This species was isolated from pelagic layer in the eastern coast of Jeju Island with water temperature 13.5°C, salinity 34.2 psu.

    Distribution: Europe: Black Sea (Goméz and Boicenco 2004), Mediterranean (Goméz 2003), Asia: China (Liu 2008), Japan (Fujioka 1990).

    Note: This species name may be regarded as a taxonomic synonym of Protoperidinium spinosum Schiller 1937 (Guiry and Guiry 2017). This species was reported as a new record for Korea by Shim et al. (1981) (Table 1). However, Protoperidinium spinosum (as Protoperidinium spinulosum) was reported as an unrecorded indigenous species by NIBR in 2010 and reported as a re-described species in Korean waters in this study.

    Protoperidinium subpyriforme (Dangeard) Balech 1974 (Fig. 1l)

    Basionym:Peridinium subpyriforme Dangeard.

    Synonym:Peridinium subpyriforme Dangeard.

    References:Yamaji 1984, p. 126-127.

    Specimen examined: Serial No. LJB2010030 / NIBR No. NIBRFL0000125626.

    Description: Cell is a spherical and small. There is a small protuberance on the top of the epitheca. Cingulum is in the center of the cell and has two spines on the hypotheca.

    Size: 40-80 μm long, 30-50 μm wide in the lateral view.

    Sampling: Aug. 2009. Seongsan-ri coast in Jeju Island (33° 25′08″N, 126°56′38″E).

    Habitat: Marine species.

    Distribution: This species is commonly seen in oceanic region.

    Note: This species was listed as a recorded species in Korea by Lee and Kim (2015) and described by Shin (2016) (Table 1). It was reported as an unrecorded indigenous species by NIBR in 2010 and reported as a re-described species in Korean waters in this study.

    Genus Scrippsiella Balech ex Loeblich III 1965

    Holotype species: Scrippsiella sweeneyae Balech ex Loeblich III.

    Description: Small-sized subspherical dinoflagellate with a conical epitheca and rounded hypotheca, characterized by a short apical horn. Thecal plates are relatively thin and unsculptured. Cingulum is separated by hypotheca. Chloroplasts present. Nucleus spherical to ovoid, centrally placed (Dodge 1982).

    Numbers of names and species: There are 42 species (and infraspecific) names in the database at present, of which 34 have been flagged as currently accepted taxonomically (Guiry and Guiry 2017).

    Scrippsiella hexapraecingulaHoriguchi et Chihara 1983 (Fig. 1m)

    Synonym: No synonym.

    References:Horiguchi and Chihara 1983, p. 352, figs. 1-3; Fukuyo et al. 1990, p. 158; Hoppenrath et al. 2014, p. 163, figs. 75, 76.

    Specimen examined: Serial No. LJB2009009 / NIBR No. NIBRFL0000125571.

    Description: Cell is small-sized and slightly flattened cell with conical epitheca and rounded hypotheca. Thecal plates are smooth with scattered pores. Cingulum is slightly tilted. Sulcus is wide and slightly extends into epitheca and reaches the end of hypotheca.

    Size: 25-30 μm long, 20-25 μm wide in ventral view.

    Sampling: Aug. 2009. Samyang coast in Jeju Island (33° 32′136″N, 126°35′996″E).

    Habitat: Benthic species.

    Distribution: North America: California (Horiguchi and Pienaar 1988); Asia: Japan (Fukuyo et al. 1990; Hoppenrath 2014).

    Note: This species was reported as an unrecorded indigenous species by NIBR in 2009 and reported as a newly recorded species in coastal waters of Korea in this study.

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    This study was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the Republic of Korea (NIBR201701204), and by Jeju Sea Grant Center, funded by the Ministry of Ocean and Fisheries (MOF) of the Republic of Korea.

    Figure

    KJEB-35-251_F1.gif

    Light micrographs of genera Preperidinium, Heterocapsa, Diplopsalis, Protoperidinium and Scrippsiella. (a) Preperidinium meunieri, apical view, (b) Heterocapsa ovata, ventral view, (c) Heterocapsa psuedotriquetra, ventral view, (d) Diplosalis lenticula, apical view, (e) Protoperidinium abei, left lateral view, (f) Protoperidinium depressum, right lateral view, (g) Protoperidinium diabolus var. longipes, ventral view, (h) Protoperidinium latispinum, ventral view, (i) Protoperidinium pacificum, dorsal view, (j) Protoperidinium punctulatum, lateral view, (k) Protoperidinium solidicorne, apical view, (l) Protoperidinium subpyriforme, right lateral view, (m) Scrippsiella hexapraecingula, right lateral view (Scale bars, 20 μm).

    Table

    Checklist of dinoflagellates in the order of Peridiniales described from Korean waters (The newly recorded and the re-described species are marked with asterisks (*) and sharps (#), respectively, and ‘n’ indicates a species newly recorded in Korean waters by Shin (2016),‘f’ a species recorded only in floristic lists (Lee and Kim 2015), and ‘syn’ a synonym, respectively)

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    Vol. 40 No. 4 (2022.12)

    Journal Abbreviation 'Korean J. Environ. Biol.'
    Frequency quarterly
    Doi Prefix 10.11626/KJEB.
    Year of Launching 1983
    Publisher Korean Society of Environmental Biology
    Indexed/Tracked/Covered By

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