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ISSN : 1226-9999(Print)
ISSN : 2287-7851(Online)
Korean J. Environ. Biol. Vol.41 No.4 pp.666-676
DOI : https://doi.org/10.11626/KJEB.2023.41.4.666

Two new records of Laurencia decussata and L. pacifica from Korea based on morphological structures and molecular data

Romero-Orozco Paola, Boo Yeon Won, Tae Oh Cho*
Department of Life Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
* Corresponding author Tae Oh Cho Tel. 062-230-7161 E-mail. tocho@chosun.ac.kr

Contribution to Environmental Biology


▪ We have included Laurencia decussata and L. pacifica in the inventory of macroalgal flora in Korea.
▪ Laurencia decussata has been reported in Australia and New Zealand, and L. pacifica in the USA and Mexico; this study expands their distribution to include Korea.
30/11/2023 15/12/2023 22/12/2023

Abstract


Laurencia is a red algal genus that was described by J.V. Lamouroux in 1813. The main characteristics of this genus have been known as the presence of four pericentral cells in an axial segment, secondary pit connections between adjacent epidermal cells, and the presence of corps en cerise in both epidermal and trichoblast cells. Additionally, the tetrasporangia are arranged in a parallel manner, and male branches feature terminal cup-shaped spermatangial pits. Currently, sixteen Korean Laurencia species have been reported based on their morphological characteristics. In this study, Laurencia decussata and L. pacifica have been added as new records to the Korean algal flora based on a combination of morphological observations and molecular analyses of rbcL sequences. Laurencia decussata has expanded from Australia and New Zealand to Korea, while the distribution of L. pacifica has expanded from USA and Mexico to Korea.


Laurencia pacifica , Laurencia decussata , Phylogeny , rbcL , Taxonomy

초록

    1. INTRODUCTION

    Laurencia is a red algal genus described by J.V. Lamouroux in 1813. It is composed of 133 species distributed in coastal areas and ranging from moderate to tropical climates (Guiry and Guiry 2023). This genus is characterized by following characteristics: 1) apical cell always sunk in apical pit of branchlet; 2) secondary pit connections present between adjacent epidermal cells; 3) four pericentral cells per segment with the first one positioned beneath a trichoblast; 4) Corps en cerise found in both epidermal and trichoblast cells; 5) presence of lenticular thickenings in wall of medullary cells in transverse section of branchlets; 6) a parallel arrangement of tetrasporangia; 7) spermatangial branches arising from suprabasal cells of trichoblasts in cupshaped depressions (Saito 1964;Nam et al. 1994;Garbary and Harper 1998;Nam 2006, 2011;Fujii et al. 2012).

    Laurencia is crucial to investigate the taxonomy and phylogeny of Laurencia species to better understand their ecological and evolutionary relationships and to identify valuable sources of bioactive compounds because its wide range of bioactive compounds with potential applications in pharmaceuticals and biotechnology (Harizani et al. 2016;Guiry and Guiry 2023). However, its species identification using morphological characters has been difficult due to the challenges of obtaining reproductive specimens and the limited observation of the anatomical features from herbarium specimens. Recently, molecular analysis plays an important role in the systematic reassessment of this genus (Rousseau et al. 2017). The genus Laurencia is composed of 133 species worldwide (Guiry and Guiry 2023). Of them, 16 species have been reported from Korea including two endemic species based on morphology (Lee and Kang 2001;Nam 2011): L. brongniartii J. Agardh, L. chinensis C.K. Tseng, L. composita Yamada, L. dendroidea J. Agardh, L. glandulifera (Kützing) Kützing, L. hamata Yamada, L. intercalaris K.W. Nam, L. intricata J.V. Lamouroux, L. nidifica J. Agardh, L. nipponica Yamada, L. obtusa (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux, L. okamurae Yamada, L. pinnata Yamada, L. succulenta K.W. Nam, L. tropica Yamada, and L. venusta Yamada (Lee and Kang 2001;Nam 2011). However, these are not available to access molecular data for any of these species from Korea yet.

    We collected the unidentified samples of Laurencia- like specimens from intertidal zones along the coast of Korea from 2009 to 2022. We observed their morphological characters and analyzed molecular data based on the plastid-encoded rbcL gene to investigate the phylogenetic relationships. In this study, we have added two Laurencia species, L. decussata and L. pacifica, to the Korean algal flora based on morphological and molecular data.

    2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

    2.1. Molecular analysis

    Genomic DNA from a total 17 samples was extracted using either NucleoSpin Plant II Kit (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany) or the DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, California, USA). The chloroplast- encoded rbcL was amplified using the following primer combinations: FrbcLstart-R753, F645-RrbcSstart, or F57-R753, F577-R1150, and F993-RrbcSstart (Freshwater and Rueness 1994;Lin et al. 2001). PCR amplification was conducted using a Veriti 96-well Thermal cycler (Applied Biosystem). The PCR amplification protocol consisted of an initial denaturation step at 94℃ for 1 min, followed by 2 cycles of 1 min at 94℃, 1 min at 40℃, and then 40 cycles of 1 min at 94℃, 30 s at 42℃, and 1 min at 68℃, with a final extension step of 5 min at 72℃ (Gavio and Fredericq 2002, modified).

    Total 95 sequences including 78 GenBank sequences were edited and aligned using Geneious Prime 2022.02, resulting a final alignment of 1,216 bp. Bayesian inference was performed using MrBayes 3.2.6 (Huelsenbeck and Ronquist 2001;Ronquist and Huelsenbeck 2003) using Metropolis coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). To evaluate posterior probabilities, we conducted two runs each with four chains (one cold chain and three heat), for 2,000,000 generations, sampling tree every 1,000 generations employing the GTR+Γ+I evolutionary model. A burnin value of 25% was used to avoid suboptimal trees in the final consensus tree. Maximum likelihood analyses were performed using raxmlGUI 2.0 (Edler et al. 2021) with the GTR+G+I model, and 1,000 bootstrap replicates were used for statistical support. Interspecific pairwise distance was estimated using the p-distance model in MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 11 (Tamura et al. 2021).

    2.2. Morphological observations

    Samples were collected from intertidal areas along the coastlines of Korea. Samples were photographed using a digital camera (Nikon D40; Nikon, Japan) and a stereomicroscope (SZX7; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) for external morphology. Internal morphological observations were conducted using fresh material, rehydrated herbarium specimens, or samples preserved in a solution of 4% formalin and seawater. To examine the specimen’s thallus, both cross and longitudinal sections were prepared using a stainless-steel razor blade and freezing microtome in 8-10 μm thickness (Shandon Cryotome FSE, Thermo Shandon, Ltd., Loughborough, UK). The sliced samples were transferred to a slide with distilled water and then stained with aniline blue. The stained sections were subsequently examined, and images were captured using an Olympus DP27 camera attached to an Olympus microscope (BX51TRF; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). The measurements of the sections were made using the ImageJ software (Schneider et al. 2012).

    3. RESULTS

    3.1. Phylogenetic analyses

    The alignment consisted of 1,216 base pairs to examine the relationship between the genus Laurencia and related members in the tribe Laurencieae. The phylogenetic tree revealed that our Laurencia-like samples were nested in genus Laurencia and crusted in two well-supported clades (Fig. 1). The first clade consists of 16 generated sequences from Korea and grouped together with a GenBank sequence of L. pacifica near the type locality. The second clade included the one remaining sequence from Korea and clustered with L. decussata. The gene sequence divergence within L. pacifica is from 0% to 0.6%, while L. decussata from 0% to 0.8%.

    3.2. Morphological observations

    Class Florideophyceae Cronquist, 1960 진정홍조강 Order Ceramiales Nägeli, 1847 비단풀목

    Family Rhodomelaceae Horaninow, 1847 빨간검둥이과

    Genus Laurencia J.V. Lamouroux, 1813 서실속

    Laurencia decussata (A.B. Cribb) Metti 2022: 21 (Fig. 2)

    Holotype. BRI No. 3.1. AQ712542, collected on 11 Aug. 1948 from Miami, Queensland, Australia.

    Type locality. Miami, Queensland, Australia (Cribb 1958)

    Material examined. NIBRRD0000010616 (deposited in the National Institute of Biological Resources), PH464, Janggil-ri Complex Fishing Park, Janggil-ri, Guryongpo-eup, Nam-gu, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk- do, Korea (35°57ʹ5.56ʺN, 129°32ʹ52.40ʺE), January 8, 2022, T.O.Cho and B.Y.Won, at 1 m depth by hand.

    Vegetative morphology. Thalli are red to dark purple, forming clumps of upright axes, percurrent growth habit, and 2-4 cm in height (Fig. 2A). The holdfast consists of densely intertwined stolons forming a complex network that gave rise to numerous upright thalli (Fig. 2B, C). The main axes are terete, columnar with a decussate opposite branching pattern, and 0.7-1.8 mm in diameter. The branching order is three or four (Fig. 2C). Ultimate branches are 1-3.5 mm in length. Branchlets on ultimate branch are closely pressed against the supporting axes appressed and 0.5-1.4 mm in length (Fig. 2C). The surface of thallus reveals the presence of secondary pit connections among the epidermal cells and the presence of one corps en cerise per cell with 7-16 μm in diameter (Fig. 2D). Thalli are composed of cortical and medullary structures (Fig. 2E). Four pericentral cells are produced from axial cell (Fig. 2F). The cortical cells are oblong shape lacking palisade arrangement and have undulate margin near apex and distinct coloration (Fig. 2G, H). They are not projected. The medullary cells are colorless, isodiametric, oblong, and have lenticular thickness (Fig. 2G, H). Apical pits of branches and branchlets contain short trichoblasts (Fig. 2I).

    Habitat. Found at lower intertidal to subtidal (4 meters deep), on exposed and semi-exposed shores, always on rocky substrates.

    World Distribution. Australia, New Zealand (Guiry and Guiry 2023), Korea (this study).

    Laurencia pacificaKylin 1941: 42 (Fig. 3)

    Holotype. Collected in June of 1922 by Kylin in La Jolla, California.

    Type locality. La Jolla and Pacific Grove, California, USA (Kylin 1941).

    Material examined. NIBRRD0000010617 (deposited in the National Institute of Biological Resources), TC854, Monterey Bay, south of the San Francisco Bay Area, California, United States (36°54ʹ13.62ʺN 121°50ʹ 42.37ʺW), July 14, 2003, T.O.Cho and B.Y.Won, at 1 m depth by hand; TC4140, Hirakawa, Aomori Prefecture, Japan (31°55ʹ13.13ʺN 130°13ʹ13.59ʺE) April 19, 2008, T.O.Cho, at 1 m depth by hand; TC6664, Dangin-ri, Gunoe-myeon, Wando-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea (34° 19ʹ43.41ʺN, 126°39ʹ25.49ʺE), August 18, 2009, T.O.Cho, S.Y.Jeong, and J.K.Lee, at 1 m depth by hand; TC6669, Dangin-ri, Gunoe-myeon, Wando-gun, Jeollanamdo, Korea (34°19ʹ43.41ʺN, 126°39ʹ25.49ʺE), August 19, 2009, T.O.Cho, S.Y.Jeong, and J.K.Lee, at 1 m depth by hand; TC6734, Taprip-gil, Imhoe-myeon, Jindo-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea (34°22ʹ42.96ʺN, 126°14ʹ37.71ʺE), August 20, 2009, T.O.Cho, S.Y.Jeong, and J.K.Lee, at 1 m depth by hand; TC7424, Sinchon-ri, Jocheoneup, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, Korea (33°32ʹ17.66ʺN, 126°37ʹ 1.69ʺE), June 28, 2011, T.O.Cho, S.Y.Jeong, Danilo, H.R.Lee and M.R.Yoo, at 1 m depth by hand; TC7458, Lighthouse, Yeonpyeong-ri, Udo-myeon, Jeju-si, Jejudo, Korea (33°29ʹ48.26ʺN, 126°58ʹ6.47ʺE), June 29, 2011, T.O.Cho, S.Y.Jeong, Danilo, H.R.Lee and M.R. Yoo, at 1 m depth by hand; TC9649, Lighthouse, Udomyeon, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, Korea (33°29ʹ48.26ʺN, 126°58ʹ 6.47ʺE) April 4, 2013, T.O.Cho, at 1 m depth by hand; TC9650, Lighthouse, Udo-myeon, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, Korea (33°29ʹ48.26ʺN, 126°58ʹ6.47ʺE) April 5, 2013, T.O.Cho, at 1 m depth by hand; TC9881, Chuja Port, Chuja-myeon, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, Korea (33°57ʹ17.94ʺN, 126°17ʹ30.5ʺE), June 24, 2013, T.O.Cho, at 1 m depth by hand; TC9882, Chuja Port, Chuja-myeon, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, Korea (33°57ʹ17.94ʺN, 126°17ʹ30.5ʺE), June 24, 2013, T.O.Cho, at 1 m depth by hand; TC9933, Yecho-ri, Chuja-do, Chuja-myeon, Jeju-do, Korea (33°57ʹ13.57ʺN, 126°19ʹ52.16ʺE) June 24, 2013, T.O. Cho, at 1 m depth by hand; TC12011, Lighthouse, Udomyeon, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, Korea (33°29ʹ32.58ʺN, 126° 57ʹ29.96ʺE) May 29, 2014. T.O.Cho, S.Y.Jeong, D.B.M., and J.G.Lee, at 1 m depth by hand; TC12222, Lighthouse, Udo-myeon, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, Korea (33°29ʹ 32.58ʺN, 126°57ʹ29.96ʺE) May 29, 2014. T.O.Cho, S.Y.Jeong, D.B.M., and J.G.Lee, at 1 m depth by hand; TC12607, Myeongsa Beach, Nambu-myeon, Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea (34°43ʹ36.45ʺN, 128°36ʹ 12.58ʺE) July 12, 2014, T.O.Cho, S.Y.Jeong, D.B.M., J.G.Lee, and S.Y.Park, at 1 m depth by hand; TC12862, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Uljin-gun, Uljin-eup, Yeonji-ri, Korea (37°0ʹ8.17ʺN, 129°25ʹ3.27ʺE), August, 1, 2018, T.O.Cho. S.Y.Jeong, D.B.M., J.G.Lee and S.Y.Park, at 1 m depth by hand; TC14784, Seopjikoji, Seongsan- eup, Seogwipo City, Jeju-si, Korea (33°25ʹ26.0ʺN, 126°55ʹ55.3ʺE), May 5, 2015, T.O.Cho, S.Y.Jeong, J.G.Lee and S.Y.Park, at 1 m depth by hand; TC14800, Seopjikoji, Seongsan-eup, Seogwipo City, Jeju-si, Korea (33°25ʹ27.0ʺN, 126°55ʹ55.4ʺE), May 5, 2015, T.O.Cho, S.Y.Jeong, J.G.Lee and S.Y.Park, at 1 m depth by hand; PH038, Gampo, Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk- do, Korea (35°48ʹ27.5ʺN, 129°30ʹ29.6ʺE), May 19, 2021, T.O.Cho and B.Y.Won, at 1 m depth by hand; PH287, 903-7 Jungnim-ri, Imhoe-myeon, Jindo-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea (34°22ʹ39.77ʺN, 126°14ʹ36.33ʺE), October 3, 2021 T.O.Cho and B.Y.Won, at 1 m depth by hand; PH832, Gampo, Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk- do, Korea (35°48ʹ27.5ʺN 129°30ʹ28.6ʺE), July 2, 2022, T.O.Cho and B.Y.Won, at 1 m depth by hand.

    Vegetative morphology. Thalli are brownish red to purple, upright, percurrent growth habit, and 2-11 cm in height (Fig. 3A). The main axes are terete, cylindrical with subopposite or subverticillate branching pattern, and 0.3-1.1 mm in thickness (Fig. 3B). The branching order is three or four. Ultimate branchlets are turbinate and 1-3 mm in length. The holdfast is discoid and attaches to substratum by numerous stoloniferous branches with small discs (Fig. 3C). One or more erect axes arise from basal creeping branches (Fig. 3C). The surface of thallus reveals the presence of secondary pit connections among the epidermal cells and the presence of one corps en cerise per cell with 7-16 μm in diameter (Fig. 3D, E). Thalli are composed of cortical and medullary structures (Fig. 3F). Four pericentral cells are produced from axial cell (Fig. 3G). The cortical cells are round shape lacking the formation of a palisade-like layer and display distinct coloration (Fig. 3H, I). They are not projected. The medullary cells are colorless and oblong and have annular and lenticular thickness (Fig. 3H, I). Apical pits of branches and branchlets contain short trichoblasts (Fig. 3J).

    Reproductive structures. Tetrasporic thallus is 4.5- 16.4 cm in height, 585-763 μm in diameter, and presenting a similar branching pattern and coloration to the vegetative thallus (Fig. 3K). In young tetrasporophyte, the branchlets are lanceolate, short, 0.3-0.9 mm in length, and arranged in a verticillate pattern. In mature tetrasporophyte, the branchlets are cylindrical, 0.6-1.9 mm in length (Fig. 3K). The tetrasporangia exhibit a parallel arrangement in a longitudinal section (Fig. 3L). In female gametophyte, thallus is 3 cm in height and presenting a similar branching pattern and coloration to the vegetative thallus (Fig. 3M). The cystocarps are located on upper branchlets, round shape without protuberant ostioles, and 863-923 μm in size. (Fig. 3N). Male gametophytes were not observed. Habitat. Frequently encountered upon rocky substrates in the lower intertidal zone.

    World Distribution. USA California and Mexico (Guiry and Guiry 2023), Japan and Korea (this study).

    4. DISCUSSION

    The genus Laurencia described by J.V. Lamouroux, includes intertidal and upper subtidal species found globally (Guiry and Guiry 2023). Although Laurencia has distinct taxonomic group within the family Rhodomelaceae, the identification of Laurencia species is challenging due to substantial intraspecific morphological variation (Cassano et al. 2012;Machín-Sánchez et al. 2012;Metti et al. 2013). In this study, we have added Laurencia decussata and Laurencia pacifica as new records in the list of Korean algal flora based on molecular and morphological analyses.

    Laurencia decussata was originally described as L. heterocladaf. decussata from Australia by A.B. Cribb in 1958. Metti (2022) was reevaluated as an independent species, named L. decussata, based on morphological and molecular analyses. Its distribution has been known from Australia to New Zealand (Guiry and Guiry 2023). In our phylogenetic analyses of rbcL, L. decussata from Pohang, Korea was clustered with sequences from Australia and exhibited 0% to 0.8% of genetic divergence (Fig. 1). Furthermore, our Korean collection of L. decussata has the same morphological characteristics to the designated type material: intertwined stolon holdfasts, 3 to 4 ordered branching patterns, cylindrical branches with closely pressed branchlets, and oblong epidermal cells with undulating margins (Cribb 1958;Metti 2022;Guiry and Guiry 2023).

    Laurencia pacifica was proposed by Kylin in 1941 based on collection from California (Harvey 1852). Its distribution has been known from California to Mexico (Guiry and Guiry 2023). In phylogenetic analyses of rbcL, the genetic divergence of L. pacifica was identical between our sequence from the sample of California (near the type locality) and GenBank sequence. However, there is a genetic divergence of 0% to 0.4% between samples from Korea and California. Our Korean collection of L. pacifica has the same morphological characteristics to the type material: cortical cells with a singular corps en cerise structure per cell, discoid holdfast with stolon, tetrasporangia forming dense clusters, round-shaped cystocarps without protuberant ostioles (Harvey 1852;Kylin 1941;Abbott and Hollenberg 1992).

    Laurencia decussata and L. pacifica are similar with several Laurencia species reported in Korea (Table 1). However, Laurencia decussata is distinguished from L. composita, L. glandulifera, L. obtusa and L. tropica by having dense mass of stolons (Cecere et al. 1996;Nam 2011). It also differs from L. intercalaris, L. nipponica, L. okamurae, and L. nidifica by unique decussate opposite branching pattern, pressed branchlets against the supporting axes (Cribb 1958;McDermid 1988;Metti 2022). Laurencia pacifica differs from L. intercalaris, L. nidifica, L. nipponica, and L. okamurae by discoid holdfast with numerous stolon branches (McDermid 1988;Nam et al. 1991;Nam 1994, 2011). Laurencia pacifica is also distinguished from L. composita, L. obtusa, L. glandulifera and L. tropica by the presence of annular and lenticular thickness (Cecere et al. 1996;Abe et al. 1998;Nam 2011). Additionally, it differs from L. glandulifera and L. nidifica by ovoid cystocarp without a protuberant ostiole (Abbott and Hollenberg 1992;Cecere et al. 1996;Nam 2011).

    Based on molecular and morphological analyses, we confirm that our samples are recognized as new record species from Korea, Laurencia decussata and L. pacifica. Laurencia decussata is distributed in eastern coast of Korea, while L. pacifica along the southern and eastern coasts of Korea (Fig. 4). In addition, this study shows that distribution of L. decussata has expanded from Australia and New Zealand to Korea and L. pacifica has distributed from USA and Mexico to Korea. These findings highlight the broader geographic range of these species and contribute to our understanding of their global distribution.

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

    This study was supported by a research fund from Chosun University (2023) to T. O. Cho.

    CRediT authorship contribution statement

    P Romero-Orozco: Data analyses, Writing - Original draft. BY Won: Funding acquisition, Visualization, Writing - Review & editing. TO Cho: Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing - Review & editing.

    Declaration of Competing Interest

    The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

    Figure

    KJEB-41-4-666_F1.gif

    Phylogenetic tree based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis with rbcL sequences. The numerals assigned to the internal nodes represent bootstrap values obtained from 1,000 maximum likelihood bootstrap (BS) replicates and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) analysis. Values positioned above the branches correspond to likelihood bootstrap values of ≥50% and BPP ≥0.75. Hyphens ( -) denote values lower than 50% BS or 0.75 BPP, while asterisks (*) indicate values of 100 BS or 1.00 BPP.

    KJEB-41-4-666_F2.gif

    Laurencia decussata from Korea. A. Habit of the sterile thallus. B. Stoloniferous holdfast. C. New thalli, showing stolons (arrows) and the last branchlets (arrowhead) pressed closely to the supporting axes. D. Surface view of the thallus, showing the corps en cerise (arrow) and secondary pit connection (arrowhead). E. Cross-section view of the middle thallus. F. Cross-section view, showing 4 pericentral cells (P) produced from an axial cell (Ax). G. Cross -section view, showing cortical cells with secondary pit connections (arrowhead) and lenticular thickening (arrow). H. Longitudinal section view. I. Longitudinal section view, showing short trichoblasts emerging from the apical pit. Scale bars: A=0.5 cm, B, C=1 mm, D=20 μm, E, I=100 μm, F-H=50 μm.

    KJEB-41-4-666_F3.gif

    Laurencia pacifica from Korea. A. Habit of the sterile thallus. B. Upper part of thallus with terete and irregular branchlets. C. New branches produced from stoloniferous holdfasts (arrowheads). D-E. Surface view of upper (D) and lower (E) thalli, showing the corps en cerise (arrow) and secondary pit connection (arrowhead), F. Cross-section view of the middle thallus. G. Cross-section view, showing 4 pericentral cells (P) produced from an axial cell (Ax). H. Cross-section view, showing the corps en cerise (arrowhead) and lenticular thickening (arrow). I. Longitudinal section view. J. Longitudinal section view, showing short trichoblasts (arrow) emerging from the apical pit. K. Tetrasporic thallus. L. Longitudinal section view of the tetrasporangial branchlet, showing the parallel arrangement of tetrasporangia. M. Carposporic thallus. N. Cystocarpic branchlet, showing rounded cystocarps. Scale bars: A=0.5 cm, B, C, N=0.5 mm, D, E=20 μm, F, J=50 μm, G-I=25 μm, K, M=1 mm, L=100 μm.

    KJEB-41-4-666_F4.gif

    Geographic distribution of Laurencia decussata (●) and L. pacifica (▲) in Korea.

    Table

    Comparison of the morphological characteristics of Laurencia species with morphological characteristics from Korean specimens.

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    Vol. 40 No. 4 (2022.12)

    Journal Abbreviation 'Korean J. Environ. Biol.'
    Frequency quarterly
    Doi Prefix 10.11626/KJEB.
    Year of Launching 1983
    Publisher Korean Society of Environmental Biology
    Indexed/Tracked/Covered By

    Contact info

    Any inquiries concerning Journal (all manuscripts, reviews, and notes) should be addressed to the managing editor of the Korean Society of Environmental Biology. Yongeun Kim,
    Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
    E-mail: kyezzz@korea.ac.kr /
    Tel: +82-2-3290-3496 / +82-10-9516-1611