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ISSN : 1226-9999(Print)
ISSN : 2287-7851(Online)
Korean J. Environ. Biol. Vol.42 No.3 pp.279-287
DOI : https://doi.org/10.11626/KJEB.2024.42.3.279

Description of Philodromus rufus Walckenaer, 1826 with a new synonym (Araneae: Philodromidae) from Korea

Chang Moon Jang, Jung Sun Yoo1, Seung Tae Kim2*
Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
1Wildlife Quarantine Center, National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Environment, Incheon 22382, Republic of Korea
2Life and Environment Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
*Corresponding author Seung Tae Kim Tel. 02-2049-6163 E-mail. stkim2000@hanmail.net

Contribution to Environmental Biology


▪ Spiders are important arthropods that contribute to biodiversity in the terrestrial ecosystem.


▪ The description of this species with the proposition of a new synonym provides important information for understanding Korean spider fauna.


19/07/2024 24/07/2024 09/09/2024

Abstract


The present study describes Philodromus rufus Walckenaer, 1826 with detailed descriptions, taxonomic photographs, distribution map, and proposition of a new synonym. Due to morphological similarity between P. pseudoexilis Paik, 1979 and P. rufus, taxonomic identity of P. pseudoexilis has been doubtful to date. A detailed bibliographic study of types of P. pseudoexilis between P. rufus and examination of specimens from the type locality of P. pseudoexilis with specimens of P. rufus collected across the country showed that P. rufus has all diagnostic characters found in types of P. pseudoexilis. Therefore, P. pseudoexilis Paik, 1979 should be regarded as a new synonym of Philodromus rufus Walckenaer, 1826.


description , morphology , synonym , taxonomy , Korea

초록

    1. INTRODUCTION

    Philodromidae Thorell, 1869 is one of the most diversified families with 29 genera. The genus PhilodromusWalckenaer, 1826 contains 216 species, of which ten species occur in Korea (Yoo et al. 2015;Jang et al. 2024;World Spider Catalog 2024). Among them, Philodromus rufusWalckenaer, 1826 is a running crab spider frequently found in bush layers in marshes, mountains, and arable lands (Kim et al. 2016) throughout the Korean Peninsula (Paik 1979a;Namkung 1980, 1985;Im 1984, 1992, 1994;Kim 1985;Namkung et al. 1988, 2002;Im and Kim 1996, 1998;Kim and Yoo 1996;Lee et al. 2000;Kim et al. 2011, 2012;Kwon et al. 2013). Paik (1979a) reported that P. rufus and Philodromus sp. were distributed at Jikjisa Temple in Mt. Hwanghaksan (Gyeongsangbuk-do); in the same year, Philodromus sp. was described as a new species, Philodromus pseudoexilis Paik, 1979. However, while revising the Korean Philodromus in this paper, Paik (1979b) did not describe P. rufus, which he had collected from Mt. Hwanghaksan, and designated as a newly recorded species to Korean spider fauna. In addition, P. pseudoexilis is morphologically very similar to P. rufus; domestic scholars have been doubtful of misidentification. Hence, we investigated almost all the recorded localities including the type locality of P. pseudoexilis intensively and collected sufficient male and female spiders to verify this taxonomic identity of the species. In addition, we compared specimens of P. rufus collected across the country. The present study describes P. rufus with detailed descriptions, taxonomic photographs, distribution map, and proposes a new synonym.

    2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

    All specimens were collected by hands, sweep net, and pitfall traps and preserved in 98% ethyl alcohol and external morphology was examined under a Leica S8APO (Singapore) stereomicroscope. Images were captured with a Dhyana 400DC zoom digital camera (China) mounted on a Leica S8APO and assembled using Helicon Focus 8.2.0 image stacking software (Khmelik et al. 2006). Measurements of body parts were made with an ocular micrometer and are recorded in millimeters. Internal genitalia of females were removed and treated in 10% KOH for two hours before illustration. Leg measurements are shown as: Total length (femur /patella / tibia /metatarsus / tarsus). Morphological terminology follows Schick (1965), Dondale and Redner (1978), and Muster (2009). The following abbreviations are used in the descriptions: AER=anterior eye row, PER=posterior eye row in the eye region, d=dorsal surface, v=ventral surface in leg supination, CD=copulatory duct, CO=copulatory opening, EG=epigynal groove, FD=fertilization duct, GH=glandular head, MS=median septum, S=spermatheca in female, C=conductor, E=embolus, EB=embolic base, RTA=retrolateral tibial apophysis, SD=sperm duct, T=tegulum, VBA=ventral bulbar apophysis, VTA=ventral tibial apophysis in male.

    3. TAXONOMIC ACCOUNTS

    Family Philodromidae Thorell, 1869

    Genus PhilodromusWalckenaer, 1826

    Type species. Araneus aureolusClerck, 1757.

    Philodromus rufusWalckenaer, 1826

    북방새우게거미 (Figs. 1, 2B, C)

    Philodromus rufusWalckenaer, 1826: 91; Walckenaer, 1837: 555; Simon, 1875: 287; Becker, 1882: 229, pl. 25, f. 1; Chyzer & Kulczyński, 1891: 107, pl. 4, f. 16; Bösenberg, 1902: 333, pl. 31, f. 494; Simon, 1932: 854, 884, f. 1299, 1301; Chickering, 1940: 228, f. 74-76; Nakatsudi, 1942: 15, f. 5C; Tullgren, 1944: 117, f. 44, pl. 16, f. 225, pl. 17, f. 226, 227; Kaston, 1948: 434, f. 1585, 1602-1606; Hull, 1950: 426, pl. 3, f. 14; Saitō, 1959: 133, f. 177a-c; Zhu & Wang, 1963: 477, f. 28; Dondale, 1964: 825, f. 1, 2, 5, 7-9; Tystshenko, 1971: 108, f. 240, 249; Miller, 1971: 127, pl. XVII, f. 6, 7; Dondale, 1972: 52, f. 1, 2, 5, 6; Brændegaard, 1972: 22, f. 9; Qiu, 1983: 97, f. 13.8a, b; Hu, 1984: 332, f. 341.1; Zhu & Shi, 1985: 181, f. 163a-c; Yaginuma, 1986: 216, f. 121.3; Song, 1987: 265, f. 220; Urita & Song, 1987: 32, f. 10A-B; Zhang, 1987: 216, f. 188.1, 2; Segers, 1989: 38, f. 1, 2, 7; Izmailova, 1989: 131, f. 123; Chikuni, 1989: 135, f. 10; Chen & Gao, 1990: 165, f. 209a, b; Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 458, f. 1214; Roberts, 1993: 8, f. 2b, 4d, f; Zhao, 1993: 346, f. 167a, b; Roberts, 1995: 174, f.; Mcheidze, 1997: 128, f. 184; Song & Zhu, 1997: 195, f. 138A, B; Bellmann, 1997: 184, f.; Roberts, 1998: 186, f.; Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 476, f. 271L; Hu, 2001: 326, f. 194.1, 2; Song, Zhu & Chen, 2001: 375, f. 246A, B; Kim & Jung, 2001: 200, f. 64, 65; Namkung, 2001: 508, f. 41.6a, b; Namkung, 2003: 511, f. 41.6a, b; Almquist, 2006: 468, f. 400a, d; Ono & Ban, 2009: 479, f. 47-49; Uyar, Kaya & Ugurtas, 2010: 53, f. 9, 10; Benjamin, 2011: 19, f. 62A-G; Zhu & Zhang, 2011: 426, f. 304A, B; Yin et al., 2012: 1248, f. 670a, b; Gómez-Rodríguez & Salazar-Olivo, 2012: 3, f. II.1; Kovblyuk et al., 2016: 80, f. 200-205, 212; Kastrygina & Kovblyuk, 2016: 49, f. 4-6, 9, 10, 13, 14; Kim & Lee, 2017: 76, f. 43A-D, pl. 14; Lecigne et al., 2019: 47, pl. 3H, 4H, 5H; Zarikian, 2021: 498, f. 1C, 2C; Zhang, Peng & Zhang, 2022: 264, f. 196A-G.

    Philodromus clarkiiBlackwall, 1850: 338.

    Artama rufusSimon, 1864: 416.

    Philodromus pellaxHerman, 1879: 219, 371.

    Philodromus claraeBertkau, 1880: 246, pl. 6, f. 1.

    Philodromus pictusEmerton, 1892: 373, pl. 31, f. 2; Emerton, 1902: 37, f. 108-110.

    Philodromus exilisBanks, 1892: 63, pl. 2, f. 40.

    Philodromus rufus virescens Simon, 1932: 854, 885.

    Philodromus pseudoexilisPaik, 1979b: 437, f. 81- 89; Kim & Jung, 2001: 199, f. 41-45 (new synonym).

    Tibellomimus rufusWunderlich, 2012: 54, f. 44, 45.

    Specimens examined. 1♀, Sayo-ri, Cheorwon-eup, Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, 30 May 2017, leg. S.T. Kim & S.Y. Lee; 2♀♀ 2♂♂, Cheongyang-ri, Gimhwa- eup, Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, 28 May 2021, leg. C.M. Jang & S.T. Kim; 1♀ 4♂♂, Dochang-ri, Gimhwa-eup, Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, 27 May 2021, leg. C.M. Jang & S.T. Kim; 2♂♂, Eupnae-ri, Gimhwa- eup, Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, 28 May 2021, leg. C.M. Jang & S.T. Kim; 3♀♀ 2♂♂, Haksa-ri, Gimhwa- eup, Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, 27 May 2021, leg. C.M. Jang & S.T. Kim; 2♀♀ 1♂, Unjang-ri, Gimhwa- eup, Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, 27 May 2021, leg. C.M. Jang & S.T. Kim; 1♀, Jukjeong-ri, Hyeonnae- myeon, Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do, 23 June 1997, leg. S.T. Kim; 1♀ 1♂, Mt. Bangtaesan, Misan-ri, Sangnam-myeon, Inje-gun, Gangwon-do, 27 May 2010, leg. S.T. Kim & S.Y. Lee; 2♀♀, Mt. Bangtaesan, Misan-ri, Sangnam-myeon, Inje-gun, Gangwon-do, 25 June 2010, leg. S.T. Kim & S.Y. Lee; 1♀ 1♂, Paroho Lake, Guman-ri, Gandong-myeon, Hwacheon-gun, Gangwon-do, 16 April 1997, leg. S.T. Kim; 2♀♀, Paroho Lake, Guman-ri, Gandong-myeon, Hwacheon-gun, Gangwon-do, 07 May 1997, leg. S.T. Kim; 1♀, Gaesu- ri, Daehwa-myeon, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwondo, 21 May 1993, leg. S.T. Kim; 1♀ 3♂♂, Geumsa-ri, Namjong-myeon, Gwangju-si, Gyeonggi-do, 22 May 2012, leg. S.T. Kim & S.Y. Lee; 2♀♀, Misa-dong, Hanam- si, Gyeonggi-do, 30 May 1995, leg. S.T. Kim; 1♂, Nohwa-ri, Paltan-myeon, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 20 May 2009, leg. S.T. Kim & S.Y. Lee; 1♀, Yangsu-ri, Yangseo-myeon, Yangpyeong-gun, Gyeonggi-do, 28 May 1993, leg. S.T. Kim; 1♀ 1♂, Deoksan-ri, Sinseomyeon, Yeoncheon-gun, Gyeonggi-do, 30 May 2017, leg. S.T. Kim & S.Y. Lee; 2♀♀, Magori-ri, Jung-myeon, Yeoncheon-gun, Gyeonggi-do, 29 May 2017, leg. S.T. Kim & S.Y. Lee; 2♀♀ 1♂, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk- do, Korea, 15 May 1992, leg. S.T. Kim; 2♀♀ 1♂, Jikjisa Temple, Unsu-ri, Daehang-myeon, Gimcheon- si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 20 June 2021, leg. C.M. Jang & S.T. Kim; 1♀, Tonggumi, Namyang-ri, Seomyeon, Ulleung-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 22 May 2019, leg. S.T. Kim & S.Y. Lee; 2♀♀, Na-ri, Buk-myeon, Ulleung-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 22 May 2019, leg. S.T. Kim & S.Y. Lee; 3♀♀, Mt. Sobaeksan, Samga-ri, Punggi-eup, Yeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 22 July 2013, leg. S.T. Kim & S.Y. Lee; 1♀ 1♂, Bongamsa Temple, Nohyung-dong, Jeju-si, Jeju-do, 06 June 2001, leg. S.T. Kim; 2♀♀, Yangjae Citizen̓s Forest, Yangjae-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 02 June 1997, leg. S.T. Kim; 1♀♀ 3♂♂, Pagyesa Temple, Mt. Palgongsan, Jungdae-dong, Daegu, 22 May 2022, leg. C.M. Jang & S.T. Kim; 2♀♀ 4♂♂, Mt. Choijeongsan, O-ri, Gachang-myeon, Daegu, 20 May 2022, leg. C.M. Jang & S.T. Kim; 2♀♀ 1♂, Mt. Mudeungsan, Unlim-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 03 June 2013, leg. S.T. Kim & S.Y. Lee.

    Description. Female. Total length 3.58. Carapace 1.58 long / 1.68 wide. Eyes: AER 0.53, PER 0.75. Chelicera 0.56 long / 0.32 wide. Endite 0.38 long / 0.26 wide. Labium 0.23 long / 0.27 wide. Sternum 0.88 long / 0.90 wide. Legs: I 6.14 (1.84 / 0.75 / 1.50 / 1.31 / 0.74), II 7.25 (2.22 / 0.89 /1.76 / 1.58 / 0.80), III 5.57 (1.78 / 0.71 /1.27 /1.21 / 0.60), IV 5.54 (1.74 /0.66 /1.25 / 1.27 / 0.62). Palp 1.83 (0.58 / 0.35 / 0.32 / - / 0.58). Abdomen 2.00 long / 1.82 wide. Epigynum 0.29 wide.

    Habitus as in Fig. 1A. Carapace pear-shaped, brown, cephalic region light with heart-shaped pattern posteriorly, thoracic median region light, cervical and radial furrows distinct, longitudinal fovea slightly depressed, longer than wide (Fig. 1A). Eight eyes on shallow eye tubercles in two rows, both eye rows recurved, posterior median eyes almost as long as others (Fig. 1C). Chelicera pale yellowish brown with one promarginal tooth. Endite pale reddish brown, longer than wide. Labium reddish brown with dark spots, longer than wide. Sternum heart-shaped, yellowish brown, convex, covered sparsely with brown recumbent hairs, anterior end slightly depressed, covered densely with brown spots, slightly wider than long, posterior tip truncated and slightly protruded between coxae IV (Fig. 1D). Legs yellowish brown, thick and strongly developed, clothed densely with short black hairs, covered densely with dark brown spots, leg spination: I (femur 0-1-1- 1d; tibia 3-2-3d / 2-2-2v; metatarsus 3-2-2d / 2-2-0v), II (femur 0-1-1-1d; tibia 3-2-3d / 2-2-2v; metatarsus 3-2-2d / 2-2-0v), III (femur 0-1-1-1d; tibia 3-2-3d / 2- 1-2v; metatarsus 3-2-2d / 2-2-3v), IV (femur 0-1-1- 1d; tibia 3-2-3d / 1-2-2v; metatarsus 3-2-2d / 2-2-3v), leg formula II-I-III-IV (Fig. 1A). Abdomen ovoid with blunt and bulged posterior end, pale brown, dorsum with a turbid grayish brown longitudinal cardiac pattern occupying anterior half and two pairs of muscle impressions, ivory paramedially, two pairs of brown patterns and two chevrons present posteriorly (Fig. 1A). Epigynum (Fig. 1E): epigynal plate rectangular; median septum pillar-shaped and flattend, four fifth of the length epigynal plate; epigynal atrium divided into two epigynal grooves; epigynal groove elongated, large. Internal genitalia (Fig. 1F, G): glandular head distinct and large; glandular mound indistinct; spermatheca small and globular.

    Male. Total length 3.37. Carapace 1.50 long / 1.53 wide. Eyes: AER 0.48, PER 0.69. Chelicera 0.47 long / 0.25 wide. Endite 0.36 long / 0.24 wide. Labium 0.21 long /0.23 wide. Sternum 0.89 long /0.90 wide. Legs: I 6.43 (1.82 / 0.77 /1.54 /1.44 /0.86), II 7.66 (2.14 /0.87 /1.88 /1.73 /1.04), III 5.47 (1.66 / 0.65 / 1.20 / 1.27 / 0.70), IV 5.47 (1.65 / 0.65 / 1.20 / 1.27 / 0.70). Palp 2.04 (0.74 / 0.35 / 0.32 / - / 0.63). Abdomen 1.87 long / 1.33 wide.

    General appearance similar to female, habitus as in Fig. 1B. Legs pale blackish brown with brown spots, leg spination: I (femur 0-1-1-1d; tibia 3-2-3d/2-2-2v; metatarsus 3-2-2d / 2-2-0v), II (femur 0-1-1-1d; tibia 3-2-3d / 2-2-2v; metatarsus 3-2-2d / 2-2-3v), III (femur 0-1-1-1d; tibia 3-2-3d / 2-1-2v; metatarsus 3-2-2d / 2-2- 3v), IV (femur 0-1-1-1d; tibia 3-2-3d / 1-2-2v; metatarsus 3-2-2d / 2-2-3v), leg formula II-I-III≒IV (Fig. 1B). Abdomen ovoid with pointed posterior end, chocolate, dorsum with a dark longitudinal cardiac pattern occupying anterior half and three to four pairs of muscle impressions, four pairs of white spots and one pair of black spots postero-laterally (Fig. 1B). Palp (Fig. 1HK): cymbium with black apical setae; bulb round; embolus filiform with smooth base; conductor broad; ventral bulbar apophysis distinct; ventral tibial apophysis large, finger-shaped, membranous; retrolateral tibial apophysis large, finger-shaped, sclerotized with pointed tip.

    Habitat. Bush layer in marshes, mountains, and arable lands (Kim et al. 2016).

    Distribution. Korea (Gangwon-do; Cheorwon-gun, Goseong-gun, Inje-gun, Hwacheon-gun, Pyeongchanggun, Gyeonggi-do; Gwangju-si, Hanam-si, Hwaseongsi, Yangpyeong-gun, Yeoncheon-gun, Chungcheongbuk- do; Cheongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do; Gimcheon-si, Ulleung-gun, Jeju-do; Jeju-si, Seoul; Yangjae-dong, Daegu; Jungdae-dong, Gachang-myeon, Gwangju; Unlim- dong (Fig. 2A)), China, Japan, Russia (Europe to Far East), Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia, Caucasus, Turkey, Europe, North America.

    Comments. As mentioned in introduction, because P. pseudoexilis is morphologically very similar to P. rufus, the taxonomic identity of P. pseudoexilis has been doubtful to date. The detailed bibliographic study of the types of P. pseudoexilis between P. rufus and examination of specimens from the type locality of P. pseudoexilis with specimens of P. rufus collected across the country showed that P. rufus has all the diagnostic characters found in types of P. pseudoexilis in general appearance, shape of epigynum and internal genitalia structure in females, and the embolic division structure, shape of ventral and retrolateral tibial apophyses of the palpal structure in males. Therefore, P. pseudoexilis Paik, 1979 should be regarded as a new synonym of Philodromus rufusWalckenaer, 1826.

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

    This work was supported by a grant from the Rural Development Administration (RDA) (RS-2024- 00397542) of Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA) of the Republic of Korea.

    CRediT authorship contribution statement

    CM Jang: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Collection, Writing-Original draft preparation. JS Yoo: Methodology, Writing-Review and editing. ST Kim: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Collection, Identification, Writing-Original draft preparation, Writing-Review and editing, Project administration, Funding acquisition.

    Declaration of Competing Interest

    No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

    Figure

    KJEB-42-3-279_F1.gif

    Philodromus rufusWalckenaer, 1826. A, Female habitus, dorsal view; B, Male habitus, dorsal view; C, Female eye area from above; D, Female sternum; E, Female epigynum, ventral view; F, Female internal genitalia, ventral view; G, Ditto, dorsal view; H, Male palp, prolateral view; I, Ditto, ventral view; J, Ditto, retrolateral view; K, Palp, dorsal view. C=conductor, CD=copulatory duct, E=embolus, EB=embolic base, EG=epigynal groove, FD=fertilization duct, GH=glandular head, MS=median septum, RTA=retrolateral tibial apophysis, S=spermatheca, SD=sperm duct, T=tegulum, VBA=ventral bulbar apophysis, VTA=ventral tibial apophysis. Scale bars are in mm.

    KJEB-42-3-279_F2.gif

    Distribution map and habitus of Philodromus rufusWalckenaer, 1826. A, Distribution of P. rufus in Korea; B, Female; C, Male.

    Table

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    Vol. 40 No. 4 (2022.12)

    Journal Abbreviation 'Korean J. Environ. Biol.'
    Frequency quarterly
    Doi Prefix 10.11626/KJEB.
    Year of Launching 1983
    Publisher Korean Society of Environmental Biology
    Indexed/Tracked/Covered By

    Contact info

    Any inquiries concerning Journal (all manuscripts, reviews, and notes) should be addressed to the managing editor of the Korean Society of Environmental Biology. Yongeun Kim,
    Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
    E-mail: kyezzz@korea.ac.kr /
    Tel: +82-2-3290-3496 / +82-10-9516-1611